Official Syllabus
| Month | Chapter |
| April | Diversity of living organisms, Classification of living organisms (Five kingdom classifications, major groups, and principles of classification in each kingdom). Systematic and binomial system of nomenclature. Main features of animal (non-chordates up to phylum level, and chordates up to class level) and plant (major group; angiosperms up to subclass) classification. |
| May | Botanic Garden, Herbaria, Zoological Garden, and Museum. tissue in animals. Morphology, anatomy, and function of the different systems of an annelid (earthworm), an insect (cockroach), and an amphibian (frog). |
| July | Digestion and absorption. Breathing and respiration. Body fluids and circulation. |
| August | Excretion products and elimination. movement and movement. control and coordination. |
| October | tissue plants Morphology, anatomy, and function of different parts of flowering plants: roots, stems, leaves, inflorescences, flowers, fruits, and seeds |
| November | Cell: cell wall, cell membrane, and cell organelles (plastids, mitochondria, endoplasmic, reticulum, golgle, apparatus, dictosomes, ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, centrioles ) and nuclear organization. Mitosis, meiosis, cell cycle. |
| December | The basic chemical constituents of the living body are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that structure and function. Enzymes: types, properties, and functions. |
| January | Movement of water, food, nutrients, and gases. Plants and water, mineral nutrition, respiration, photosynthesis. |
| February | plant growth and development |
UNIT-I Diversity in the Living World
Chapter 1: The Living World
What is living All living organisms grow, reproduction—character of living organisms, metabolism—characteristic of life, consciousness—the defining property of living organisms. Diversity in the living world. nomenclature, identification, binomial nomenclature rules, taxonomy, taxonomy, systematic, taxonomic categories, species, genus, family, order, class, association, kingdom, taxonomical aids, herbarium, botanical garden, museum, zoological garden, key.
Chapter 2: Biological Classification
Two Kingdom Classification, Five Kingdom Classification, Kingdom Monera Classification of Bacteria by Form, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria Cyanobacteria, Heterocysts, Heterotrophic Bacteria, Fission in Bacteria, Mycoplasma, Kingdom Protista, Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Anglenoids, Slime Molds, Protozoans-Amoeboid Protozoa, flagellated, ciliated, sporozoans, kingdom-fungi- mycorrhiza, dikaryon, lichen, phycomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes. Kingdom-Plantac, Cuscuta, Alternation of Generations. Kingdom Animalia, Viruses, Viroids and Lichens, Phycobionts, Mycobionts.
Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom
Artificial and natural systems of classification, phylogenetic classification, numerical cytotaxonomy, chemotaxonomy, algae, green, brown, and red algae characters and products, examples. Photosynthetic pigments of these algae, bryophytes- gametophyte, sporophyte, liverworts and mosses, gemma, protonema, and its examples. Pteridophytes-sporophyll, prothallus, homosporous, heterosporous, seed habit, eg, gymnosperms- eg, sporophyll, ovule archegonia, antheridia, angiosperms- flower, dicot and monocot, double fertilization, embryo sac, the life cycle of an angiosperm.
Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom
Basis of classification-level of organization, symmetry, diploblastic triploblastic, coelom, segmentation, notochord, classification of animals, phylum-Perifera-character, and examples. Phylum-Coelantrata (Cnidaria) - Characters and Examples, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Eschelaminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Eurochordata, Cephalochdata, Vertebrate-Class-Cyclostomata, Reptiles, Mammals, Cyclostomata, Reptiles, Mammals, Mammals, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Character chart.
Unit-II Structural Organization in Animals and Plants
Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants
root, root system, regions of root, modification of root, stem-node and internode, stem-underground modification of stem, tendrils, thorns, suckers, worms, stem spine, leaf-bud, leaf base, petiole and lamina, Location reticular and parallel, types of leaves- simple and compound- pinnate and palmate, phyllotaxy- ultern and opposite, curved, tendrils of leaves, spines, fleshy, inflorescence- racemose and cymose, flowers- thalamus, arrangement of floral parts, bisexual, Bisexual, isomorphic- actinomorphic, zygomorphic or heterozygous. trimerous, tetramerous, pentamerone, bractate, erectite, chicolate, hypogynous, perigynous, epigynous, superior, inferior and half superior, parts of the flower calyx gammocepalus, polysepalus, corolla- gamopetalus and polypetalus, estivation- embrat, twisted, vexillary androsium staminode, typical epipetalus, epiphilus meno, diadelphus and polydelphus, gynoecium- ovary, style and stigma, placenta, apocorpus,
...
Official Syllabus
| Month | Chapter |
| April | Diversity of living organisms, Classification of living organisms (Five kingdom classifications, major groups, and principles of classification in each kingdom). Systematic and binomial system of nomenclature. Main features of animal (non-chordates up to phylum level, and chordates up to class level) and plant (major group; angiosperms up to subclass) classification. |
| May | Botanic Garden, Herbaria, Zoological Garden, and Museum. tissue in animals. Morphology, anatomy, and function of the different systems of an annelid (earthworm), an insect (cockroach), and an amphibian (frog). |
| July | Digestion and absorption. Breathing and respiration. Body fluids and circulation. |
| August | Excretion products and elimination. movement and movement. control and coordination. |
| October | tissue plants Morphology, anatomy, and function of different parts of flowering plants: roots, stems, leaves, inflorescences, flowers, fruits, and seeds |
| November | Cell: cell wall, cell membrane, and cell organelles (plastids, mitochondria, endoplasmic, reticulum, golgle, apparatus, dictosomes, ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, centrioles ) and nuclear organization. Mitosis, meiosis, cell cycle. |
| December | The basic chemical constituents of the living body are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that structure and function. Enzymes: types, properties, and functions. |
| January | Movement of water, food, nutrients, and gases. Plants and water, mineral nutrition, respiration, photosynthesis. |
| February | plant growth and development |
UNIT-I Diversity in the Living World
Chapter 1: The Living World
What is living All living organisms grow, reproduction—character of living organisms, metabolism—characteristic of life, consciousness—the defining property of living organisms. Diversity in the living world. nomenclature, identification, binomial nomenclature rules, taxonomy, taxonomy, systematic, taxonomic categories, species, genus, family, order, class, association, kingdom, taxonomical aids, herbarium, botanical garden, museum, zoological garden, key.
Chapter 2: Biological Classification
Two Kingdom Classification, Five Kingdom Classification, Kingdom Monera Classification of Bacteria by Form, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria Cyanobacteria, Heterocysts, Heterotrophic Bacteria, Fission in Bacteria, Mycoplasma, Kingdom Protista, Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Anglenoids, Slime Molds, Protozoans-Amoeboid Protozoa, flagellated, ciliated, sporozoans, kingdom-fungi- mycorrhiza, dikaryon, lichen, phycomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes. Kingdom-Plantac, Cuscuta, Alternation of Generations. Kingdom Animalia, Viruses, Viroids and Lichens, Phycobionts, Mycobionts.
Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom
Artificial and natural systems of classification, phylogenetic classification, numerical cytotaxonomy, chemotaxonomy, algae, green, brown, and red algae characters and products, examples. Photosynthetic pigments of these algae, bryophytes- gametophyte, sporophyte, liverworts and mosses, gemma, protonema, and its examples. Pteridophytes-sporophyll, prothallus, homosporous, heterosporous, seed habit, eg, gymnosperms- eg, sporophyll, ovule archegonia, antheridia, angiosperms- flower, dicot and monocot, double fertilization, embryo sac, the life cycle of an angiosperm.
Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom
Basis of classification-level of organization, symmetry, diploblastic triploblastic, coelom, segmentation, notochord, classification of animals, phylum-Perifera-character, and examples. Phylum-Coelantrata (Cnidaria) - Characters and Examples, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Eschelaminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Eurochordata, Cephalochdata, Vertebrate-Class-Cyclostomata, Reptiles, Mammals, Cyclostomata, Reptiles, Mammals, Mammals, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Character chart.
Unit-II Structural Organization in Animals and Plants
Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants
root, root system, regions of root, modification of root, stem-node and internode, stem-underground modification of stem, tendrils, thorns, suckers, worms, stem spine, leaf-bud, leaf base, petiole and lamina, Location reticular and parallel, types of leaves- simple and compound- pinnate and palmate, phyllotaxy- ultern and opposite, curved, tendrils of leaves, spines, fleshy, inflorescence- racemose and cymose, flowers- thalamus, arrangement of floral parts, bisexual, Bisexual, isomorphic- actinomorphic, zygomorphic or heterozygous. trimerous, tetramerous, pentamerone, bractate, erectite, chicolate, hypogynous, perigynous, epigynous, superior, inferior and half superior, parts of the flower calyx gammocepalus, polysepalus, corolla- gamopetalus and polypetalus, estivation- embrat, twisted, vexillary androsium staminode, typical epipetalus, epiphilus meno, diadelphus and polydelphus, gynoecium- ovary, style and stigma, placenta, apocorpus, synapse, placentation marginal, axillary, parietal, basal, free central and superficial fruit parthenocarpic, seed- epicarp, endocarp, seed- epicarp Structure of dicot and monocot seeds with examples of maize and gram. Flower formula and flower diagram- detail about the family Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Liliaceae with examples. Seed- Structure of dicot and monocot seed with examples of maize and gram. Flower formula and flower diagram- detail about the family Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Liliaceae with examples. Seed- Structure of dicot and monocot seed with examples of maize and gram.Flower formula and flower diagram- detail about the family Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Liliaceae with examples.
Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Tissue and type Meristematic and permanent. Intercalary, primary, secondary. Apex, Lateral meristem, Permanent Titration Simple and Complex, Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Scherenchyma, Celerids and Fibers
Complex-xylem and phloem. Tracheids, vessels, filaments, parenchyma- protoxylem, metaxylem, exarch, mesarch, phloem, sieve companion cell, parenchyma and protophloem, metaphloem. System- epidermal, ground vascular tissue epidermal epidermis, stoma, guard supporting cells, stomatal system. hair trichomes. Ground tissue system mesophyll cortex. Vascular tissue system open and radial, joint, anatomy dicot and monocot plants dicot root, and leaf. Secondary growth dicot stem and dicot root - the activity of vascular spring wood autumn wood, wood, sapwood, bark, and lentils.
Chapter 7: Structural Organization in Animals
Tissue and types Epithelial- simple, compound, simple- squamous, cuboidal, columnar, compound, skin, junctional.
Tissue- loose and compact, dense, specialized, loose-solar, fat dense- regular irregular, conspicuous blood and cartilage.
Tissue- Skeleton, smooth and cardiac nervous tissue, Organ organ morphology, anatomy, digestion, circulation, reproduction, excretion, nerve, cockroach-morphology- organs of mouth, anatomy-digestion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, circulation frog - Morphology, anatomy- digestion, excretion, reproduction, and others.
Unit-III Cell: Structure and Functions
Chapter-8: Cell-Unit of Life
What is a cell, Cell theory, An overview of the cell, Prokaryotic cell, Cell envelope and modification in Gram+V and Gram-way bacteria, Cell wall, Mesosome, Pellet, Fibrior, 70 Ribosomes, Polysome. Eukaryotic cell-cell wall, cell membrane, structure, quid mosaic model, cell organelle-cell wall, ER, Golgi complexes, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, cytoskeleton-cilia and flagella, centrioles, nuclear chromosomes, structure and classification Active, Passive Transport, Onesis
Chapter-9: Biomolecules
Chemical Structure Organic and Inorganic Molecules, Macromolecules Micromolecules, Primary and Secondary Metabolites, Proteins, Polysaccharides, Nucleic Acids, How to Analyze the Structure of Proteins-Primary, Secondary, Tentacle and Quaternary Peptide Bonds and Alicosidic Bonds. Dynamic state of body formation - Concepts of metabolism - Tamevar no., Metabolism, catalytic actions and reaction of enzymes, metabolic basis for living. ATP, The Hissing state-stable and homeostasis, Enzyme-Chemical nature, Deamination, Chemical reactions, How enzymes bring about such high rate of chemical conversions, Nature of mime action, Factors affecting enzyme activity Elump, pH, Cone of Abstract , Inhibitor classification and nomenclature of memes, cofactors, proantastic group, age and com
Chapter-10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Cell cycle, Phases of cell cycle, Interphase, Mphase, Karyokinesis, Cytokinesis, Gl phase. S, 2 phase silence. GS Stage, M Phase – Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Significance of minosis, meiosis division - meiosis 1 and II, prophase-1 leptotin, zygotine, pectin, diplotin, dykinesis, synaptonemal complex, devalant, tetrad, meiosis importance of meiosis.
Unit-IV: Plant Physiology
Chapter-11: Transport in Plants
Means of transport-diffusion- smooth diffusion, passive import, and antiport, porin and antiport, comparison of different transport processes, water relationship of plants, transpiration, water potential, solute potential, pressure potential, turgidity, osmosis, solute, solvent, solution, SPM, pressure gradient, plasmolysis isotonic, hypotonic and hypnonic solutions, turgid, flaccid cells, imbalance, long-distance transport of water-mass or bulk flow, translocation How do plants absorb water- apoplast and symplast pathway Plasmods mother endodermis, Casparian strips, mycorrhiza, pressure of the root of a plant, movement of water in the intestine. transpiration pulse, cohesion stress transpiration bridge - model transpiration stomatal apparatus, guard cells, stomatal pores, surface tension, tensile strength capillary, transpiration and photosynthesis a compromise,Absorption and transport of mineral nutrients, active absorption, transport of mineral ions, phloem transport- flow from source to sink. Foreshadowing flow of the mass flow hypothesis.
Chapter-12: Mineral Nutrition
Methods for studying mineral requirements of plants, hydrophonics, criteria for essential mineral elements, essential macro and micro nutrients and role. Symptoms of essential nutrient deficiency are ?-chlorosis, necrosis, stunted growth, premature leaf and bud drop and stunted plant growth, micronutrient toxicity. Mechanism of absorption of active and effluent elements Translocation of salute, Soil as a storehouse of essential elements, Metabolism of nitrogen cycle, N2 fixation, Nitrification, Chemotrophism, Hylogical N2 fixation Synbiotic and nonsymbiotic N2 fixation, Nodule formation, Ammonia Ka phase, reductive elimination, infection.
Chapter-13: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
what do we know? Preliminary experiments, Priest's exp, Where does photosynthesis take place, Chloroplast, Light Reaction and Dark Reaction How many pigments involved in photosynthesis are Chloeophyll Eaxanthophylls and Seminolytes What is Light Action- PS1, PS 11, Election Transport, Cytochrome, 2 Shem, Water Division of cyclic and norcyclic photosynthesis of chlorophyll a, b, x anthophyll and serotonin.What is light reaction-PSI, PS II, electron transport, cytochrome, Z scheme, water splitting, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation, chemosmotic hypothesis, where are ATP and NADPN, biosynthetic phase_dark reaction Calvin cycle, C3 and C4 pathway , graphical is used. Representation of Calvin cycle, Diagrammatic representation of Hatch and Slack pathways, Kranz Anatomy, PEP, Photorespiration factors affecting photosynthesis – Law of limiting factors. Light, right? Brief temperature and water.
Chapter-14: Respiration in Plants
Cellular respiration, Respiratory substrates, Do plants breathe, Glycolysis, Diagrammatic representation of Kreb's cycle, Fermentation, Anaerobic, Aerobic respiration ETC and onidative phosphorylation, Rail of mitochondria, Respiratory balance sheet, Amphibian pathway, Respiratory quotient.
Chapter-15: Plants - Growth and Development
The diagrammatic representation of germination, growth, plant growth of bean seeds and shoots is generally indeterminate, growth measurable, stages of growth, growth rate, continuous linear and sig maid. Growth conditions for differentiation, divergence, redistribution development, sequence of developmental process inplant cell, plasticity, plant growth regulator characters, discovery of regulators, physiological effects of plant growth regulators-auxin, gibberlin, cytokinin, ethylene and ABA. Photoperodism-SDP, LDP and DNP Vernalization.
Unit-V: Human Physiology
Chapter-16: Digestion and Absorption
Digestive system, alimentary canal and socialized end gents, Graphical representation of hymen digestive system, Types of teeth The codent, Dipoden, Dental formula, Various parts of all digestive organs, Digestive glands, Digestion of food- Diglution, Bolus, Chime Poblet Celt, Success Entericus Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids. Summary As absorption of immersed products, disorders of the digestive tract Jaundice, Vomiting Diantocac.Constipation and Dyspepsia.
Chapter-17: Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Breathing versus respiration, happy organ. Human Respiratory System, Tracts and Organs, Mechanism of Breathing Inspiration and Expiration Respiratory Volume and Capacity, Exchange of Gases Diagrammatic Representation 02 4C2 has special emphasis on alveolar capacity transport of gases. Desanders of the Respiratory System, Regulation of Respiratory Regulation Arbeis. Emphysema, ORP.
Chapter-18: Body Fluids and Circulation
Blood plasma, RBC, WBC. Platelets, Blood group- ABO group Rh grouping, Coagulation of blood, Lymphatic (tissue fluid) circulatory tract pathway, Open and closed circulatory system Human circulatory system, Structure of heart, Heart cycle, Electrocardiograph, Dual circulation, Schmatic scheme of blood circulation Human , Regulation of heart activity, Disorders of the circulatory system, Hypertension- CAD, Angina, Cardiac arrest.
Chapter-19: Emission Products and Their Elimination
Ammonalklike, Urcotelic, Uricothelic animals, Huma accentary system, Diagrammatic representation of organs, Kidneys (LS) and nephrons, Urine fermentation, Function of tubules. Diagrammatic representation of urine formation by means of diagrammatic representation of nephron and vasa recta, mechanism of the scene, filtrate. Regulation of kidney function, micturition, and the role of other organs in performance. Disorders of the excretory system. Urkemia, RF, kidney stones, glomerulonephritis.
Chapter-20: Movement and Movement
Types of motion- Role of contractile proteins in muscle structure, Mechanism of muscle contraction through diagrammatic representation, Sliding fibres. Principles, Skeletal system-axial and appendix, skull, car ossicle, vertebral columa, sternum, ribs, bones of limbs and indus Joints and types Muscular and descenders of skeletal system- Myasthenia gravis Madar Dystrophy. Tetany. Arthritis, & Cut Chapter No. 21: Nerve Calm and Coordination.
Chapter-21: Neural Control and Coordination
Nervous system, Nummons, Human nervous system—CNS, PNS, ANS, E As a structural and SNc unit of the nervous system, generation and conduction of nerve impulses, transmission over the synaptic cleft. CNS- brain and spiral cord. Reflects and responds to action, Sensory on and processing, St and its parts, Mechanism of vision, Car and its parts, Mechanism of hearing.
Chapter-22: Chemical Coordination and Integration
Endocrine glands and hormones, human endocrine system. Hypothalamus. Pituitary. Pinkle, thyroid gland, parathyroid, thymus. Adrenal gland, pancreas, testes, ovaries- hormones and disorders. Hormones of the heart, kidney and gastrointestinal tract. Mechanism of hormone action.
Practical
A: List of Experiments
1. Study and describe three common flowering plants locally available, each of the families Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Liliaceae (Poaceae, Asteraceae or Brassicaceae may be substituted in case of particular geographic location) which includes floral whorls, anthers and involves the dissection and demonstration of the ovaries. To show the number of cells (floral formula and flower diagram). root type (tap and adventitious); type of stem (herbaceous and woody); Leaf (arrangement, shape, location, simple and compound).
2. Preparation and study of TS of dicot and monocot roots and stems (primary).
3. Study of osmosis by potato osmometer.
4. Study of plasmolysis in epidermal peels (eg rheo/lily leaves or shiny leaves of onion bulb).
5. Study of the distribution of stomata in the upper and lower surfaces of leaves.
6. Comparative study of rates of transpiration in upper and lower surface of leaves.
7. Test for the presence of sugar, starch, protein and fat in appropriate plant and animal ingredients.
8. Separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography.
9. Study of the rate of respiration in flower buds/leaf tissue and germinated seeds.
10. Test for the presence of urea in urine.
11. Testing for the presence of sugar in the urine.
12. Test for the presence of albumin in the urine.
13. Testing for the presence of bile salts in the urine.
B: Careful observation (spotting) of the following:
1. Parts of a compound microscope.
2. Identification with specimens/slides/models and causes - Bacteria, Oscillatoria, Spirogyra, Rhizopus, Mushroom, Yeast, Liverwort, Moss, Fern, Pine, a monocotyledonous plant, a dicotyledonous plant and a lichen.
3. Virtual specimens/slides/models and identifying features of Amoeba, Hydra, Liverfluke, Ascaris, Leech, Earthworm, Shrimp, Silkworm, Bee, Snail, Starfish, Shark, Rohu, Frog, Lizard, Pigeon and Rabbit.
4. Tissue and diversity in size and shape of plant cells (palisade cells, guard cells, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem) via temporary and permanent slides.
5. Variation in size and shape of tissue and animal cells (squamous epithelium, smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers and mammalian blood smear) via temporary/permanent slides.
6. Mitosis of onion root tip cells and animal cells (grasshoppers) from permanent slides.
7. Various modifications in roots, stems and leaves.
8. A variety of inflorescences (cymose and racemose).
9. Human skeleton and different types of joints with the help of virtual images/models only.
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