Entry Level Qualification 

Graduate

Career Fields 

Government & Defense Services

For Specially Abled 

Career Entrance Exam 

UPSC IFS

About Career 

Indian Foreign Service is the administrative diplomatic civil service of India. This is one of the All India Services under the Government of India (the other two are IAS and IPS). Indian Foreign Service Officers work at the office of the Ambassador of India at different Indian embassies across the world; at the office of the Indian High Commissioner and at Indian Consulates at various foreign countries; at the office of the Permanent Representative of India at the United Nations and at similar other representative offices at various intergovernmental organisations; and at the various offices of the Ministry of External Affairs of India inside India including the office of the Foreign Secretary of India.

1. Indian Foreign Service (IFS) Officers work as Diplomats, representing India at several countries with which India has a diplomatic relationship

IFS Officers play the role of a diplomat when posted abroad. A Diplomat is an official who is appointed by a country (referred to as the home country) to conduct diplomacy with one or more countries (referred to as the host country/countries). Some of the functions in which the diplomats are involved are:

1. Developing and maintaining good relationships with other countries in the world.

2. Representing the home country in the host country where a diplomat is posted; sharing and protecting the opinions and the political, business, economic and other interests of the home country.

3. Developing and maintaining good working relationships with the high ranking officials, political leaders, business leaders, social leaders, and distinguished citizens of the host country in which a diplomat is posted as well as with the diplomats of other countries posted in the host country.

4. Protecting the interests of the nationals of the home country when they are travelling to the host country in which a diplomat is posted; protecting the interests of the persons staying in the host country who are originally from the home country (such as the PIOs – Persons of Indian Origin staying, say, in the USA).

5. Negotiating and facilitating various strategic trade deals and various political, business, economic, and other agreements between the home country and the host country.

6. Facilitating business and trade relationships between the home country and the host country by organising meetings, conventions, conferences, etc.

7. Facilitating business, technological, defence, and several other types of deals between the home country and the host country.

8. Facilitating cultural exchanges between the home country and the host country.

9. Facilitating consular services to foreign nationals and also to the Indian nationals who are in the host country (consular services include – providing travel documents, approval of VISA, assistance and support to Indian nationals when they are in the foreign country, help Indian nationals during crisis situations, liaison with officials, police, political leaders and others to help Indian nationals in the foreign country, and similar other services).

2. As an IFS officer, you will handle a whole lot of critical aspects of India’s relationships with other countries

1. As an Indian Foreign Service Officer, one of your many responsibilities would be to take decisions regarding foreign policies which are usually self-interest strategies that the country chooses so as to protect the national interests.

2. When two or more countries plan to enter into a diplomatic relationship, there are some aspects that one needs to look after for the success of the strategic dealings and interests. Therefore as an Indian Foreign Officer, you would exclusively project and scheme India’s interests both internationally and nationally on matters such as global economy, foreign policies, strategic planning, terrorism, international law, UN Reforms among many others. You would also impart India-specific judgements and solutions in international territory such as India’s foreign policy, relations with neighbouring countries, nuclear policy, and economy, etc.

3. You will be working at Indian Embassies, Indian High Commissions, and Indian Consulates

1. Most countries have a representative in various other countries to keep the political, business, economics, and cultural relationships between the two countries going. As an Indian Foreign Officer you would be working for and under various capacities at the Indian Embassies in other countries, at the Indian High Commissions and at Indian Consulates (Consulates are departments of Embassies or High Commissions of a country at one or more locations in a host country).

2. An Embassy is a diplomatic mission (a group of officers) which represents a home country to a foreign country (or host country). A High Commission is a diplomatic mission of a commonwealth country to another commonwealth country (countries which were ruled by the British over the years are known as the commonwealth countries). For example, India’s diplomatic mission to the USA is called the Indian Embassy but that to England is called the High Commission of India.

3. The "Head of Mission" at an embassy is called an Ambassador and the chief diplomatic officer at a High Commission is called a High Commissioner. As an IFS officer either at the Embassy or at the High Commission of India in a host country, you would be a part of India’s Diplomatic Missions abroad.

4. Well, you might be posted at home too after your initial stint abroad

1. You might be posted at the various departments and organisations of the Ministry of External Affairs in India. You will be working to formulate, implement, and monitor India’s foreign policies and relationship courses with various countries. You will be dealing with bilateral relationships with various countries and also engage in various dealings with representatives of foreign countries in India or abroad.

2. You might have to look into various services to Indians in India such as issue of passports, providing and extending VISA of foreigners in India, services for the overseas citizens of India as well as services for the PIOs (Persons of Indian Origins, who are citizens of a foreign country but may hold a special passport meant for the PIOs).

3. You might also have other roles such as public relations within and outside India; communicating with Indian and foreign media; organising conventions and conferences, etc.

Key Roles and Responsibilities

1. As an Indian Foreign Service Officer at the Ministry of External Affairs, you would be responsible for the following major key roles and responsibilities:

You would be responsible for all aspects of external relations in such a way that the territorial divisions would deal with bilateral political and economic work while the functional divisions would look after policy planning, multilateral organizations, regional groupings, legal matters, disarmament, protocol, consular, Indian Diaspora, press and publicity, administration and other aspects.

2. As an Indian Foreign Service Officer at an Indian Embassy or High Commission, you would be:

1. Representing India in the allotted Embassies, High Commissions, Consulates, and Permanent Missions to multilateral organizations like UN.

2. Protecting India’s national interests in the country of your posting

3. Promoting friendly relations with the receiving state as also its people, including NRI/PIOs

4. Reporting accurately on developments in the country of posting which are likely to influence the formulation of India’s policiesto secure its national interests which includes securing our borders to protect territorial integrity, countering cross-border terrorism, energy security, food security, cybersecurity, creation of world class infrastructure, non-discriminatory global trade practices, equitable global responsibility for the protection of environment, reform of institutions of global governance to reflect the contemporary realities, disarmament, regional stability, international peace and so on.

5. Negotiating agreements on various issues with the authorities of the receiving state, extending consular facilities such as providing a provision of replacement travel documents, advice, and support in the case of an accident, serious illness, or death, to foreigners and Indian nationals abroad.

3. As an Under Secretary to the Ministry of External Affairs, you would be responsible for:

1. You would supervise the overall Consular section.

2. You would deal with inquiries relating to whereabouts of Indians abroad and their relatives in India and whereabouts of foreign in India.

3. You would handle complaints from abroad against individuals/firms in India and from India against individuals/firms etc. in abroad

4. You would be accountable for the issue of ‘No Objection’ to Return to India certificate to Indian Nationals from migration to foreign countries.

5. You would provide assistance to Indians abroad under the Baggage Rules and Transfer Rules of Residence Rules.

6. You would be involved in accounting procedures relating to Miscellaneous Consular work.

7. You would be involved in court-related matters for the settlement of bills in India from foreigners or in abroad from Indians.

8. You would also be holding Consular dialogues between India and other countries

9. You would provide assistance in passport policy on diplomatic and official passports and Visa and e-Visa policy for various countries

10. You would also be responsible in the issuance of and extension of visas to diplomatic/officials assigned to foreign missions/consular posts

4. As a Deputy Secretary to the Ministry of External Affairs, you would be responsible for the following roles and responsibilities:

1. You would consult directly with the relevant Minister, providing accurate information, interpretation of planning and decision influences and timely responses to sensitive or contentious issues

2. You would collaborate and maintain open relationships to expedite responses and information transfer

3. You would negotiate budgets and resources consistent with strategic plans and goals

4. You would alert to operational or service issues which may escalate, or which may have State-wide impact

5. You would communicate information related to performance against budget and potential variations which may have an impact on budgeting or budget performance

6. You would set overall performance expectations and oversight the implementation of effective performance management frameworks and processes

5. Joint Secretary and Additional Secretary have interdependent roles and responsibilities. Asa Joint Secretary and Additional Secretary to Ministry of External Affairs you would:

1. Be in charge of the necessary measure of independent functioning and responsibility of the wing of the department allocated and entrusted to you

2. Be in charge of exercising all administrative powers as head of the department wing of the ministry/department.

3. Be responsible for filing all affidavits and responses before the Supreme Court of India.

4. Report to your divisional/departmental additional secretary, departmental secretary, and ministerial/departmental cabinet minister.

6. As a Secretary in Ministry of External Affairs you would be responsible for:

1. Acting as the administrative head of the ministry or department.

2. Acting as the chief adviser to the minister on all aspects of policy and administrative affairs.

3. Representing the ministry or department before the Public Accounts Committee of the Parliament of India.

Career Entry Pathway 

Class 10 all subjects as per scheme of studies - Class 11-12 with any subject as per scheme of studies - Bachelor's degree in any subject - UPSC Civil Services Examination – Training at LBS National Academy of Administration – Training at the Foreign Service Institute – Posting at the Ministry of External Affairs as an Assistant Secretary - Posting in the cadre of the IFS Officers at a Diplomatic Mission of India abroad

This pathway is for the Direct Recruits. After completing Class 11-12 with any subject as per scheme of studies, you can go for graduation in any subject. After graduation, you must apply for the UPSC conducted Indian Civil Services examination and qualify in order to be eligible for further selection process. If you are selected for the Indian Foreign Service, you will first have to undergo a 15-week training at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) at Mussoorie. Then you will have to undergo training at the Foreign Service Institute at Delhi. Training at the Foreign Service Institute, including the training stints with the offices of the Ministry of External Affairs, offices of various Indian Diplomatic Missions abroad, Indian Army, Navy, Air Force, etc. takes almost 3 years. After the training, you will be posted as an Assistant Secretary at the offices of the Ministry of External Affairs and start your learning of a foreign language. After your brief stint as an Assistant Secretary, you will be posted at a Diplomatic Mission of India in a foreign country. In your first posting, you would be required to learn a major foreign language. During the second year, you will be appointed as a Third Secretary in Indian Embassy/High Commission where that language is spoken. You would then be spending another two years in the same Embassy as Second Secretary. After two postings abroad, you will be posted in India in the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA).

Required Qualification & Competencies 

1. To become an IFS Officer, you need to clear all three stages of the UPSC conducted Civil Services Examination. Although the process of getting recruited is the same as an IAS officer, but your selection as IFS is majorly dependent on your ranking so you should be under Top 100 or Top 30. The intake into the Indian Foreign Service has averaged between 16-20 persons annually.

2. To appear for Civil Services Examination, you must have a bachelor’s degree.  After pursuing your graduation, you can start preparing for UPSC. A post-graduation isn’t necessary to appear in this examination as the preparation of this examination is entirely different and is hardly depended on your educational qualification.

UPSC Exam

The Civil Services Examination (CSE) is conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) for the recruitment to various Civil Services of the Government of India. Generally, the recruitment process for the UPSC Indian Administrative Service comprises of three levels including Preliminary Examination, Mains Examination, and Interview. The Preliminary Exam consists of two objective type paper i.e. General Studies Paper I and General Studies Paper-II which is also called CSAT, Civil Service Aptitude Test. The Main Examination consists of nine papers of the descriptive type followed by a Personal Interview or Personality Test.

The Civil Services Preliminary examination comprises two compulsory papers of 200 marks each:

General Studies Paper I

1. Current events of national and international importance.

2. History of India and Indian National Movement.

3. Indian and World Geography

4. Indian Polity and Governance

5. Economic and Social Development

6. General issues on Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity and Climate Change

7. General Science, Art, and Culture

General Studies Paper-II- CSAT

1. Comprehension

2. Interpersonal skills

3. Communication skills

4. Logical reasoning and analytical ability

5. Decision-making and problem solving

6. General mental ability

7.Basic Numerical Ability & Data interpretation

The Civil Services Main Examination comprises nine papers – two of the papers are of qualifying in nature (meaning that, you have to pass in these two papers before being considered for ranking) and the rest of the seven papers are used for final ranking.

The two Qualifying Papers are:

Paper A: An Indian language of your choice (from various Indian languages such as Assamese, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Konkani, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, etc.)

Paper B: English

The other seven papers in the Main Examination are:

Paper 1: Essay

Paper 2: General Studies I (Indian heritage and culture, History and Geography of the world, and Society)

Paper 3: General Studies II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, International Relations)

Paper 4: General Studies III (Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security, Disaster Management)

Paper 5: General Studies IV (Ethics, Integrity, Aptitude)

Paper 6 & 7: Two optional papers as per your choice from the given list of papers (the list consists of papers like Agriculture, Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anthropology, Botany, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Commerce & Accountancy, Economics, Electrical Engineering, Geography, Geology, History, Law, Literature (of a language of your choice), Management, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science & International Relations, Psychology, Public Administration, Sociology, Statistics, Zoology, etc.)

The Personal Interview or Personality Test attempts to assess the suitability of a candidate for the Civil Services. It may assess the following attributes in a candidate (these are only indicative and do not comprise all the criteria):

1. Analytical and logical abilities

2. Balance of judgment

3. Compassion and empathy

4. Critical abilities

5. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning abilities

6. Ethical thinking

7. Integrity and morality

8. Intellectual abilities

9. Interpersonal abilities

10. Leadership abilities

11. Multi-faceted interests and depth of interests

12. Power of expression

13. Self-awareness or intra-personal abilities

14. Understanding of social issues and challenges

Competencies Required

Interests

1. Enterprising: You should have interests for Enterprising Occupations. Enterprising occupations involve taking initiatives, initiating actions, and planning to achieve goals, often business goals. These involve gathering resources and leading people to get things done. These require decision making, risk-taking, and action orientation.

2. Conventional: You should have interests for Conventional Occupations. Conventional occupations involve repetitive and routine tasks as well as fixed processes or procedures for getting things done. These occupations involve working more with data, systems, and procedures and less with ideas or creativity.

3. Social: You should have interests in Social Occupations. Social occupations involve helping or assisting others; these involve working with and communicating with people to provide various services; these may involve educating and advising others.

Abilities

1. Abstract Reasoning: The ability to understand ideas that are not expressed in words or numbers; the ability to understand concepts that are not clearly expressed verbally or otherwise.

2. Articulation: The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.

3. Deductive Reasoning: The ability to apply general rules and common logic to specific problems to produce answers that are logical and make sense. For example, understanding the reasons behind an event or a situation using general rules and common logic.

4. Emotional Intelligence: The ability to understand your own and others' emotions and feelings; empathy for others; adjusting your behavior or self-control and self-regulation according to others' emotions and situations.

5. Fluency of Ideas: The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).

6. Inductive Reasoning: The ability to combine pieces of information from various sources, concepts, and theories to form general rules or conclusions. For example, analyzing various events or situations to come out with a set of rules or conclusions.

7. Inter-Personal: The ability to build and maintain good relationships with others at workplaces and elsewhere.

8. Intrapersonal: The ability to clearly understand your strengths and weaknesses, what your capabilities are, what you can do and cannot do, what you like and dislike.

9. Numerical Reasoning: The ability to add, subtract, multiply, divide, and perform other basic numerical calculations correctly.

10. Oral Comprehension: The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.

11. Oral Expression: The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.

12. Originality: The ability to come up with unusual or innovative ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.

13. Problem Sensitivity: The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem.

14. Selective Attention: The ability to concentrate on a task over a long period of time without being distracted.

15. Speed of Closure: The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.

16. Verbal Reasoning: The ability to think and reason with words; the ability to reason out ideas expressed in words.

17. Written Comprehension: The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.

18. Written Expression: The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.

Knowledge

1. Administration: Knowledge of various administrative and operational functions in managing an organization such as general administration, facility management, front office management, back-office management, etc.

2. English Language: Knowledge about English grammar, words, spelling, sentence construction, using English to communicate with others, reading in English, etc.

3. Law: Knowledge of laws, legal codes, legal procedures, regulations, Government orders, etc.

4. Politics & Governance: Knowledge about different political ideologies, political systems, and processes, governance standards and processes, constitutions, etc.

5. Foreign Language: Knowledge about the grammar, words, spelling, sentence construction, etc. of a foreign language and using the language to communicate with others, reading, etc.

Skills

1. Active Learning: Focused and continuous learning from various sources of information, observation and otherwise for application in getting work done.

2. Active Listening: Giving full attention to what other people are saying, understanding the points being made by others, asking questions, etc.

3. Communication in English: Skills in communicating effectively in writing as well as verbally with others in the English language.

4. Communication in foreign language: Skills in communicating effectively in writing as well as verbally with others in a foreign language.

5. Coordination: Skills in working together with other people to get things done.

6. Critical Thinking: Skills in analysis of complex situations, using of logic and reasoning to understand the situations and take appropriate actions or make interpretations and inferences.

7. Directing: Skills in directing others' actions to get things done.

8. Instruction: Skills in training others how to do something.

9. Judgment and Decision Making: Skills in considering the pros and cons of various decision alternatives; considering costs and benefits; taking appropriate and suitable decisions.

10. Negotiation: Skills in bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.

11. Persuasion: Skills in persuading others to change their minds or behavior.

12. Problem Solving: Skills in analysis and understanding of problems, evaluating various options to solve the problems and using the best option to solve the problems.

13.Reading Comprehension: Skills in understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.

14. Service Orientation: Skills in or keen interest to help and assist people.

15. Supervising: Skills in Supervising and monitoring performance of others, businesses, and different projects.

16. Time Management: Skills in prioritizing work, managing time effectively.

18. Writing: Skills in communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the readers.

Personality

1. You are always or mostly organized in your day-to-day life and activities.

2. You always feel secure in your surroundings and in most situations.

3. You are always self-satisfied or feel satisfied with your life in most situations.

4. You are a soft-hearted person sometimes.

5. You trust others sometimes but not always.

6. You are helpful to others sometimes.

7. You remain calm in difficult situations sometimes but some other times you are anxious.

8. You are imaginative sometimes.

9. You prefer to experience new things and have new experiences sometimes.

10. You act independently sometimes but do not do so in some other times.

11. You are friendly and outgoing sometimes, but not always. You prefer the company of people sometimes but not always.

12. You are caring, supportive, sympathetic and kind to others sometimes.

Career - Job Opportunities & Profiles 

As a probationer, you would be trained at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie. After training at LBSNAA, you would join the Foreign Service Institute in New Delhi and later you would be assigned your compulsory foreign language (CFL). After a brief period of desk attachment in the Ministry of External Affairs as an Assistant Secretary, you will be posted to an Indian Mission abroad in a country where the CFL is the native language. Your first posting will be as a Third Secretary and you will spend one year in the position. You would then be spending another two years in the same Embassy as Second Secretary. After two postings abroad, you will be posted in India in the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA).

As an Indian Foreign Service Officer, you may get to work in the following:

1. Embassies and High Commissions in a foreign country

2. Multilateral Organizations like United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Environment Programme, etc.

3. Ministry of External affairs

Career Growth

As Indian Foreign Service has both national and international positions, therefore career growth progression is different. Following are the career growth progressions:

1. At an Embassy or High Commission, you will grow as: Third Secretary/ Under Secretary – Second Secretary – First Secretary – Counsellor – Minister – Deputy Chief of Mission – Ambassador/ High Commissioner/ Permanent Representative

2. At Ministry of External Affairs, you grow as: Under Secretary – Deputy Secretary – Director – Joint Secretary – Additional Secretary – Secretary – Foreign Secretary

Salary Offered  

As an IFS officer, one part of your earning will be a salary paid in Indian currency or equivalent foreign currency depending upon your country of posting. The following are the salaries as per the 7th pay commission.

1. As an Under-Secretary at the MEA (Ministry of External Affairs) or as a Third Secretary at an Indian Diploma Mission abroad, you would earn around, Rs.56, 100 – 1,32, 000 per month.

2. As a Deputy Secretary at the MES or as a Second Secretary at an Indian Diplomatic Mission abroad, you would earn around, Rs. 67, 700 – 1,60,000 per month.

3. As a Director at the MES or as a Second Secretary at an Indian Diplomatic Mission abroad, you would earn around, Rs. 1,18,500 -2,14,100 per month.

4. As a Joint Secretary at the MES or as a Counsellor abroad, you would earn around, Rs. 1,44,200 – 2,18,200 per month.

5. As an Additional Secretary at the MES or as a Minister at an Indian Embassy or High Commission abroad, you would earn around, Rs. 1,82,200 – 2,24,100 per month.

6. As a Secretary at the MES or as a Deputy Chief of Mission/Deputy High Commissioner/Deputy Permanent Representative of an Indian Embassy or High Commission abroad, you would earn around, you will earn Rs. 2,25,000 per month.

7. As the top of your career, as the Foreign Secretary of India (posted at the MEA) or an Ambassador/High Commissioner/Permanent Representative at an Indian Diplomatic Mission abroad, you will earn around Rs.2,50,000 per month.

Foreign Services Allowance

Apart from your Indian Salary, if you are posted abroad, you will get a Foreign Services Allowance which is computed on the basis of the cost of living index of the foreign country where you are posted and your rank. This allowance could range from US Dollar 2000 to 4000 or more in the currency of the country where you are posted.

Other benefits

Apart from the Foreign Services Allowance, you will also get free housing, medical insurance, expenses for maids/other staff at home, official car, etc. All these depend on your ranks, for example, when you join your first posting, you may be getting a 2BHK accommodation, but an Indian Ambassador may get a villa to live in and his personal chauffeur.

Monthly Earning In Indian Rupee

1. Entry level: 0 - 2 years of work experience

2. Junior Level: From 1 to 12 years of work experience

3. Mid-Level: From 5 to 20+ years of work experience

4. Senior Level: From 10 to 25+ years of work experience

Famous Personalities 

Not Available 

Work Activities 

1. Addressing grievances and resolving conflicts: Handling complaints and grievance to resolve; resolving conflicts among co-workers or others at the workplace or outside in relation to your work.

2. Analyzing and interpreting data and information: Analysis of data and information to find facts, trends, reasons behind situations, etc.; interpretation of data to aid in decision making.

3. Communicating with co-workers and others: Communicating with people in writing, verbally or otherwise inside your workplace and various other people who have professional relationships with your place of work including vendors, government officials, etc. or with people at large.

4. Decision making and problem-solving: Analysis of data and information; evaluation of alternative decisions and results of decisions; taking the right decisions and solving problems.

5. Developing and maintaining inter-personal relationships: Developing professional relationships with co-workers and others outside organizations and maintaining good relationships.

6. Getting Information and learning: Observing, hearing, reading, using computers, or otherwise obtaining information and learning from it.

7. Handling administrative activities: Handling various administrative tasks and managing day-to-day operations.

8. Inspecting situations, events, and people: Inspecting situations, events, and people to understand the reasons and causes for the situation or events to happen; inspecting people to understand reasons behind their behavior and actions.

9. Leading: Inspiring and motivating co-workers to work to achieve specific goals; enabling and facilitating others to perform tasks effectively; addressing issues and solving problems in order to help people perform well.

10. Managing and supervising: Manging and supervising work of others; setting goals; giving instructions; monitoring work performance, etc.

11. Negotiating: Negotiating terms, conditions, costs, prices and other issues.

12. Organizing, planning and prioritizing tasks: Planning and organizing tasks in order to achieve work goals; prioritizing tasks to achieve goals and making the best use of the time available.

13. Providing advices and consultation to others: Giving advices or consultation to others about various issues, conceptual matters, know-hows, scientific matters, products or services.

14. Scheduling tasks: Scheduling project timelines, tasks and activities.

15. Strategic planning: Developing visions and goals, developing strategies and action plans for achieving visions and goals.

16. Updating and using relevant knowledge: Keeping updated with the latest knowledge relevant to your fields of work and use of the relevant knowledge in getting things done.

17. Using computers for work: Using computers for day-to-day office work; using computer software for various applications in day-to-day professional work; entering data and process information; for writing.

18. Working in a team: Working in a team of people; developing team; maintaining professional relationships among team members.