CURRENT AFFAIRS
CURRENT AFFAIRS
Description
Screening for blood biomarkers has been presented as a potential method for diagnosing cancer in its early stages.
About Biomarkers
Biomarkers, or 'Biological Markers,' are physical, chemical, or biological characteristics that exist in the human body and can be measured.
The WHO defines a biomarker as "any measurement reflecting an interaction between a biological system and a potential hazard, which can be chemical, physical, or biological." The observed response could be functional and physiological, biochemical at the cellular level, or a molecular interaction."
Experts refer to them as molecular markers and signature molecules. They are essential for disease diagnosis, prescribing the appropriate treatment and dose, and even creating novel drugs.
Biomarkers include molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, genes, DNA, RNA, platelets, enzymes, and hormones.
Classification Of Biomarkers
Based on the source or location
Molecular- have biophysical qualities that allow them to be measured in biological samples such as blood plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage, biopsy, urinalysis, and fecal examination.
Radiographic- acquired by imaging examinations, such as bone mineral density.
Histologic- reflect biochemical or molecular changes in cells, tissues, or fluids; for example, cancer staging and grading.
Physiologic- measurements of bodily processes, such as blood pressure, pulse rate, and heart rate.
Based on responsibilities or functions
Susceptibility/Risk Biomarkers- It indicate a person's chances of getting a specific disease or condition in the near or distant future.
Diagnostic biomarkers- These are used to identify or confirm a certain disease or condition.
Prognostic Biomarkers- In persons who have already been diagnosed with an illness, prognostic biomarkers can predict disease progression or relapse.
Monitoring Biomarkers- These biomarkers are used for one or more of the following purposes: determining the stage or condition of the disease, measuring exposure to a certain medicine, or measuring exposure to an environmental pollutant.
Predictive biomarkers- These are used to identify those who are more likely to have a positive outcome when exposed to a specific medicine. This will help in deciding on treatment alternatives.
Pharmacodynamic/Response Biomarkers- These indicate that a biological response has occurred in individuals exposed to a certain medicine or environmental agent.
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